ПЕРШІ БРАМИ СТАНІСЛАВОВА У СВІТЛІ ІСТОРИЧНИХ ТА АРХІТЕКТУРНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ

Abstract

The culture of East Galychuna region has always been in the center of integration processes. Western European influences strengthened in XVII century which was caused by the division of the territory of Ukraine among the neighboring states. Stanislaviv like other cities in the region was taking on the European architectural style which was combined with various architectural traditions of local Ethnic groups. The aim of the work is the study of the gates, doors and portals of monumental buildings of the end of XVII-XVIII century as one of the key elements of the composition of the building, which has always been a subject of special attention of the architects. The aformentioned aim will be reached through the following steps: 1. Analyze the problem of the study of the particular monuments in the national science, determine theoretical and methodological bases, systematize the base of sources for the study. 2. Study the influence of cultural processes and ideas of the epoch on the formation of artistic and compositional particularities of monumental building and its architectural details. 3. Examine stylistic particularities of Early Baroque in the architectural monuments in 1660-1760 The objective of the study: The Gates of Stanislaviv of the end of XVII-XVIII century Methods The article examines both stylistical particularities of Baroque and Renassaince gates of Ivano-Frankivsk and the historical background, economic factors of the building process, interior decorations related to liturgical particularities of the building and the preferences of the sponsoring patrons. This allows to combine the methodologies of the study of culture and atr history for complex analysis of historical and territorial particularities of the culture of Ivano-Frankivsk region.

The key findings The first gates of the city were built together with the defensive walls in the second half of the XVII century. The images of Renassaince gate is already used as a geraldic figure on the first symbol of the city (the king Yan Kazymyr gave it to Adriy Potoskiy in 1663): the image of defensive building with nine merlons on top of Polish shield. Next to the open gates there are half-round towers built from blocks of stones. There are two embrasures over the gate (possibly these were openinings for chains for lowering the bridge). The image of the gate and the fortress was a symbol of creation of the city as strong base in the fight against enemies. According to historical descriptions the city was closed by three large Renaissance gates, which were probably built after the castle reconstruction in 1737. There was Galytska (Lvivska) gate from the north, Tysmenetska (Kam’yanetska) gate from the south-west side and Virmenska (Zabolotivska) gate from south-east side. Every gate had a long wooden bridge over a trench filled with water attached to it. These bridges were the only way to get into the city. There were large black marble tables with goldren writings over the top of the gates. There are few buildings that were kept from the first and original buildings of the city. Furthermore, there are even fewer facts known about the firt gates of the public and cult buildings of Stanislaviv. The city citadel formed by the palace complex of Pototski is among the few partly preserved monuments. The mentioning of Pototskiy Palace ( from a newspapaer “Kurjer Stahislawowski”, 1847) shows that “the gate was built in 1780-s with relief images of defensive attributes, and the territory of the palace itself was circled with beautiful wooden fence”. Colegiata, Iesuit and Armenian-catholic church, two houses on Halytska street and building of malty department of the beer factory (1767) are among the oldest buildings in the city. However, it is impossible to determine the evidence of originality of their gates. Fires, with the largest having happened in 1868, most probably destroyed all wooden artifacts. Therefore, the study of the current gates and doors is dated from the time of rebuilding of the city after the fire. The majority have a particular decoration: rectangular portal with an arch, profile or in a shape of a two-sided arch; with additional turning points on the ends with an addition of engraved spirals or decorative leaves, most often engraved in stone. The analisys of history of art gives evidence to the fact that this type was common in cult and possibly public buildings of the cities of Galychyna in the middle of XVIII century. A type of gate depicted on Armenian chruch: wooden, with metal engravings, two levels and four openings became common in XVIII century. Similar, but two-opening gate has been preserved in post-Jesuit church named after Stanislav Kostka (architect S. Kryzhanovskiy, 1894). The gate in the cathedral is the same but built from the iron. Archive photos show that these details of the buildings already existed in the beginning of XX century. The charecteristic division and technique of cross riveting was used in the folds of the cript of Pototski, which is located under the dome of the family church. This simple geometrical division of the field into rectangles with augmented lines is also reflected in relief engraving on wooden gate of the building of Public court dated back to 1843. Conclusion As a result of art historical analysis it has been found that the architectural detail has been an important formation factor during the evolutionary period of the development of Stanislaviv architecture. The variety of entrance gates, portals, large doors, and gates creates clear forms that contribute to the composition of the facades of the Rennesaince and Baroque buildings, and determines stylistic direction of the objects.